Zoonotic diseases, which transfer from animals to humans, are responsible for some of the deadliest outbreaks in modern history, such as SARS, Ebola, and COVID-19. These diseases emerge when pathogens cross the species barrier, often occurring in places where humans and animals come into close contact. Animal markets are one such critical touchpoint where people handle, slaughter, or consume live animals. The COVID-19 pandemic, suspected to have originated in a live animal market, has renewed global focus on how these markets facilitate zoonotic disease transmission.

The primary goal of this research is to investigate how different types of animal markets contribute to the risk of zoonotic diseases and to identify key points in the animal supply chain where these risks are heightened. The report also explores the effectiveness of current regulatory frameworks and highlights gaps that allow these risks to persist. In doing so, the study seeks to provide actionable insights for policymakers and public health officials to address zoonotic risks, with the aim of enhancing global health security.

The research involved a global comparative analysis of animal markets, using case studies from 15 countries across six continents (Antarctica excluded). In-country experts conducted detailed field observations and collected data on the types of markets, the animals sold (domestic and wild), and the conditions under which they were traded. The report also analyzed the full supply chain, from capture and transport to sale and slaughter, focusing on points of human-animal interaction that elevate zoonotic risks. Additionally, the study reviewed existing regulatory frameworks, comparing how different countries approach the regulation of these markets and their associated risks.

Diverse Types Of Animal Markets

Animal markets exist in a wide variety of forms globally, from informal roadside stalls selling wild meat to large urban markets handling thousands of farmed animals. Each market presents unique zoonotic risks, but the common factor across them is the close contact between humans and animals — particularly in live animal markets where animals are slaughtered on site. In New York City alone, over 80 live animal markets operate, highlighting that this is not just an issue confined to developing nations but a global concern.

Zoonotic Transmission Hotspots

Animal markets, especially those selling live animals, are identified as critical points where pathogens can jump from animals to humans. These markets often involve animals from diverse species and locations, creating environments where viruses can mix, mutate, and potentially become transmissible to humans. Examples like the SARS outbreak, believed to have originated in a wild animal market in China, underscore the global health risks these markets pose.

Supply Chains And Escalating Risk

The movement of animals from capture to market is fraught with opportunities for disease transmission. Stressful transport conditions, mixing of species, and poor sanitation weaken animals’ immune systems, increasing the likelihood of infection and spread. The study found that the prevalence of coronaviruses in rats in Vietnam, for example, doubled as the animals moved from traders to markets and finally to restaurants.

The authors of the study acknowledge several limitations. The diversity and often informal nature of many animal markets make it difficult to gather consistent data. Additionally, illegal wild animal trade complicates efforts to track the full extent of zoonotic risks. Many countries lack comprehensive data on their wild and farmed animal markets, and current regulations tend to focus more on conservation than public health, leaving gaps in surveillance and risk mitigation.

Despite these drawbacks, animal advocates will find ample evidence in this report to support a variety of calls to action. Animal markets, while diverse in form and function, represent critical points for zoonotic disease transmission. With pathogens spilling over from animals to humans at an increasing rate, this report highlights the urgent need for stronger regulation of animal markets globally. Public health measures should include better separation of species, improved hygiene, and stricter oversight of both legal and illegal trade. As zoonotic outbreaks become more frequent, global cooperation and policy reform are necessary to reduce these risks and protect future generations from pandemic threats.