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The Sympathy of Policy-Makers Towards Animal-Rights Activists, and the Future of Biomedical Research
This letter to the editor published in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacologyargues that, despite the fact that the European biomedical community has "labored intensely" for many years to deliver on animal welfare standards, animal rights activists are winning the hearts and minds of the public and policy makers through "relentless opposition." The letter cites examples, such as the campaign to ban the transportation of primates for research, as occasions when animal advocates have caused damage to the larger research industry in the EU. READ MORE

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Use of Animals in Research and Reporting of Animal Experiments — The Need for Improvement
This editorial in the journal Vascular Pharmacology examines EU-wide and UK-specific guidelines relating to animal welfare in laboratories. It presents the key reasons why the journal requires authors to comply with the European Union Directive on animal research, and describes the penalties that face researchers who don't. The paper notes, however, that it is very difficult for the editorial board of the journal to know if guidelines are being fully adhered to, and that they are actively engaged in a process to improve how they assess the ethics of the papers they receive. READ MORE

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Policing Farm Animal Welfare in Federated Nations: The Problem of Dual Federalism in Canada and the USA
This paper outlines problems with (and proposes some solutions for) the creation and enforcement of effective laws protecting farm animals in the United States and Canada. Taking a long view that includes an agro-anthropological analysis of how current farm animal protection laws came to be, the paper highlights how, in the both the U.S. and Canada, agriculture is a unique institution. "Achieving substantial shift in farm animal production methods, means a coordinated societal initiative to disseminate and have adopted a new societal norm." The authors argue that some kind of continental regulatory oversight, as well as more direct cooperation with policy-makers and NGOs, are possible solutions, but that any changes will cause friction with the prevailing industrial practices centered around efficiency and profits, not animal care. READ MORE

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Charter Protection for the Great Apes: A Litigation Strategy for Animal Welfare and Animal Rights Activism in Canada
In a paper published on the Social Science Research Network, David Frank Shultz analyzes the possibility of extending legal protection to non-human great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos) so that they fall within the category of ‘people' under Canadian law. Considering the issue from several different perspectives – animal rights activism, a scientific and philosophical viewpoint, and a legal perspective – Schultz believes that there is sufficient legal room for a plausible claim for great apes to be included within this group. As the law on this point is currently indeterminate, the paper gives animal rights advocates valuable material for litigation of this issue to potentially enact significant social change. READ MORE

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Lessons Learned: Challenges in Applying Current Constraints on Research on Chimpanzees to Other Animals
In 2011, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on the Necessity of the Use of Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research, was charged with determining the scientific necessity of the chimpanzee as a human model for biomedical and behavioral research. In his article, committee chair Jeffrey Kahn states that despite this charge, the issue of necessity simply could not be completely separated from ethics. Ethical considerations informed all of the central recommendations of the committee, from their insistence that chimps be housed in “ethologically appropriate environments” to their acknowledgement that chimps have the cognitive capacity to express their willingness (and unwillingness) to submit to research procedures. READ MORE

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Regulatory Animal Testing: A Survey of the Factors Influencing the Use of Animal Testing to Meet Regulatory Requirements
This extensive 2005 Dutch pilot study conducted in-depth interviews with animal testing stakeholders to report on ways that animal testing can be reduced in Europe. Multiple factors contributing to the continuation of animal testing were explored, including regulatory and legislative, technical, political and administrative, and social factors. The study identified opportunities for change, primarily associated with improved communication and coordination. READ MORE

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Illegal Killing for Ivory Drives Global Decline in African Elephants
The authors of this study applied both empirical and modeling approaches to track illegal elephant killing at a regional and continental level. 75% of sites showed a population decline since 2009. Research into causes of a diminished (but still unsustainable) rate of killing since 2011 may provide insights into effective strategies to reduce the illegal ivory trade, which has created havoc with elephant family structures, skewing sex ratios, and increasing the orphaning of calves. READ MORE
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