This study developed a scale to isolate the differences in attitudes towards animals considered companion animals (“pets”), those thought to be “pests,” and those animals used for profit or “utility.”

Termed the “PPP scale,” this measurement of attitudes toward companion animals as pets, pests, or profit found that scores on the the pet subscale were the highest, as would be expected. The PPP scale also tracked closely with the previously developed Animal Attitude Scale (Herzog, Betchart, and Pittman).