Severity of Killer Whale Behavioral Responses to Ship Noise: A Dose–Response Study
This literature review analyzed data from previous orca studies to determine the impacts of noise from large shipping vessels upon respiration, speed, directness, deviation, and surface-active behavior. The whales showed moderate reactions to moderate noise. If reactions increase with noise levels, ability to hunt may be impaired in these animals who are already at risk from other anthropogenic causes. Further research is needed in this area. READ MORE


